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PENDEKATAN MATEMATIKA REALISTIK


1.   Pengertian
Kata ‘realistik’ merujuk pada pendekatan pembelajaran dalam pendidikan matematika yang telah dikembangkan di Belanda selama kurang lebih 33 tahun (dimulai tahun 1971). Kata tersebut diambil dari klasifikasi yang dikemukakan Teffers (Streefland, 1991: 32) yang membedakan pendekatan pembelajaran dalam pendidikan matematika yaitu mechanistic, empiristic, strukturalistik, dan realistik. Pendekatan Matematika Realistik mengacu pada pendapat Freudenthal (Gravenmeijer, 1994) yang mengatakan bahwa matematika adalah aktivitas manusia dan banyak berhubungan dengan realitas.
Soedjadi (2001a: 2) mengemukakan bahwa pendekatan Matematika realistik pada dasarnya adalah pemanfaatan realitas dan lingkungan yang dipahami oleh peserta didik untuk memperlancar proses pembelajaran matematika sehingga dapat mencapai tujuan pendidikan matematika secara lebih baik dari pada masa lalu. Lebih lanjut Soedjadi (2001a: 3) menjelaskan bahwa yang dimaksud dengan realitas adalah hal-hal nyata atau konkret yang dapat diamati atau dipahami siswa lewat membayangkan. Sedangkan yang dimaksud dengan lingkungan adalah lingkungan tempat siswa berada baik lingkungan sekolah, keluarga, maupun masyarakat yang dapat dipahami siswa. Lingkungan ini disebut kehidupan sehari-hari siswa.

2.   Tujuan pembelajaran matematika realistik
Ada 5 tujuan pembelajaran metematika realistik yaitu :
1.     Menjadikan matematika lebih menarik, relevan dan bermakna, tidak terlalu formal dan tidak terlalu abstrak.
2.     Mempertimbangkan tingkat kemampuan siswa.
3.     Menekankan belajar matematika “learning by doing”.
4.     Memfasilitasi penyelesaian masalah matematika tanpa menggunakan penyelesaian yang baku.
5.     Menggunakan konteks sebagai titik awal pembelajaran matematika.

3.   Prinsip-prinsip pendekatan metematika realistik

Terdapat lima prinsip utama dalam ‘ kurikulum’ matematika realistik:
1.     Didominasi oleh masalah- masalah dalam konteks, melayani dua hal yaitu sebagai sumber dan sebagi terapan konsep matematika.
2.     Perhatian diberikan pada pengembangan model –model, situasi, sikema,dan simbol –simbol.
3.     Sumbangan dari para siswa, sehingga siswa dapat membuat pembelajaran menjadi konstruktif dan produktif, artinya siswa memproduksi sendiri dan mengkonstruksi sendiri ( yang mungkin berupa algoritma, rule atau aturan), sehingga dapat membimbing para siswa dari level matematika informal menuju matematika formal.
4.     Interaksi sebagai karakteristik dari proses pembelajaran matematika
5.     ‘intertwinning’ ( membuat jalinan )  antar topik atau antar pokok atau antar strandt

4.   Pertimbangan Menggunakan Pendekatan Realistik
Pada dasarnya pendekatan realistik membimbing siswa untuk “ menemukan kembali” konsep – konsep matematika yang pernah ditemukan oleh paera ahli matematika atau bila memungkinkan siswa dapat menemukan sama sekali hala yang belum pernah di temukan. Ini dikenal sebagai guided reinvention (Freudenthal,1991).
Implementasi pembelajaran matematika dengan pendekatan dilakukan oleh mahasiswa yang telah memahami bagaimana pembelajaran realistik disampaikan, dan bagaimana prinsisp – prinsip pembelajaran realistik dilakukan.
Dikaitkan dengan prinsip- prinsip pembelajran dalam pendekatan matematika realistik. Berikut ini merupakan rambu- rambu penerapannya:
a)   Bagaimana “ guru “ menyampaikan matematika kkontekstual sebagi starting point pembelajaran
b)   Bagaimana “ guru “ menstimulasi, membimbing, dan memfasilitasi agar prosedur, algoritma, simbol, skema, dan model yang dibuat oleh siswa mengarahkan mereka untuk sampai kepada matematika formal
c)    Bagaiman “ guru “ memberi atau mengarahkan kelas, kelompok, maupun individu untuk menciptakan free production, menciptakan caranya sendiri dalam menyelesaikan soal atau menginterpretasikan problem kontekstual, sehingga tercipta berbagai macam pendekatan, atau metode penyelesaian, atau algoritma
d)   Bagaiaman “ guru “ membuata kelas bekerja secara interaktif sehingga terjadi interaksi diantara mereka antara siswa dengan siswa dalam kelompok kecil dan antrata anggota- anggota kelompok dalam prestasi umum, serta antara siswa dan guru
e)   Bagaimana guru membuat jalinan antara topik dengan topik lain, antara konsep dengan konsep lain, dan antara satu simbol denngan simbol yang lain didalam rangkain topik matematika.
Pendekatan realistik perlu dipertimbangkan untuk dijadikan alternatif dalam pembelajarn matematika. Namun perlu diingta bhawa masalah kontekstual yang diungkapkan tidak selamanya berasala dari aktivitas sehari – hari, melainkan juga bis dari konteks yang dapat di- imajinasika dalam pikiran siswa.

5.   Karakteristik pendekatan realistik
Menurut Grafemeijer (dalam fitri, 2007: 13) ada 5 karakteristik pembelajaran matematika realistik, yaitu sebagai berikut:
a)   Menggunakan masalah kontekstual
Masalah konsektual berfungsi sebagai aplikasi dan sebagai titik tolak dari mana matematika yang digunakan dapat muncul. Bagaimana masalah matematika itu muncul (yang berhubungan dengan kehidupan sehari- hari).
b)   Menggunakan model atau jembatan
Perhatian diarahkan kepada pengembangan model, skema, dan simbolisasi dari pada hanya mentrasfer rumus. Dengan menggunakan media pembelajaran siswa akan lebih faham dan mengerti tentang pembelajaran aritmatika sosial.
c)    Menggunakan kontribusi siswa
Kontribusi yang besar pada saat proses belajar mengajar diharapkan dari konstruksi murid sendiri yang mengarahkan mereka dari metode informal ke arah metode yang lebih formal. Dalam kehidupan sehari- hari diharapkan siswa dapat membedakan pengunaan aritmatika sosial terutama pada jual beli. Contohnya: harga baju yang didiskon dengan harga baju yang tidak didiskon.
d)   Interaktivitas
Negosiasi secara eksplisit, intervensi, dan evaluasi sesama murid dan guru adalah faktor penting dalam proses belajar secara konstruktif dimana strategi informal siswa digunakan sebagai jembatan untuk menncapai strategi formal. Secara berkelompok siswa diminta untuk membuat pertanyaan kemudian diminta mempresentasikan didepan kelas sedangkan kelompok yang lain menanggapinya. Disini guru bertindak sebagai fasilitator.
e)   Terintegrasi dengan topik pembelajaran lainnya(bersifat holistik)
Aritmatika sosial tidak hanya terdapat pada pembelajaran matematika saja, tetapi juga terdapat pada pembelajaran yang lainnya, misalnya pada akutansi, ekonomi, dan kehidupan sehari- hari.

6.   Langkah-langkah Pembelajaran Matematika Realistik
Berdasarkan prinsip dan karakteristik PMR serta dengan memperhatikan pendapat yang telah dikemukakan di atas, maka dapatlah disusun suatu
langkah-langkah pembelajaran dengan pendekatan PMR yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu sebagai berikut:
a)   Langkah 1: Memahami masalah kontekstual
yaitu guru memberikan masalah kontekstual dalam kehidupan sehari-hari kepada siswa dan meminta siswa untuk memahami masalah tersebut,serta memberi kesempatan kepada siswa untuk menanyakan masalah yang belum di pahami. Karakteristik PMR yang muncul pada langkah ini adalah karakteristik pertama yaitu menggunakan masalah kontekstual sebagai titik tolak dalam pembelajaran, dan karakteristik keempat yaitu interaksi
b)   Langkah 2: Menjelaskan masalah kontekstual
jika dalam memahami masalah siswa mengalami kesulitan, maka guru menjelaskan situasi dan kondisi dari soal dengan cara memberikan petunjuk-petunjuk atau berupa saran seperlunya, terbatas pada bagian-bagian tertentu dari permasalahan yang belum dipahami
c)    Langkah 3 : Menyelesaikan masalah
Siswa mendeskripsikan masalah kontekstual, melakukan interpretasi aspek matematika yang ada pada masalah yang dimaksud, dan memikirkan strategi pemecahan masalah. Selanjutnya siswa bekerja menyelesaikan masalah dengan caranya sendiri berdasarkan pengetahuan awal yang dimilikinya, sehingga dimungkinkan adanya perbedaan penyelesaian siswa yang satu dengan yang lainnya. Guru mengamati, memotivasi, dan memberi bimbingan terbatas, sehingga siswa dapat memperoleh penyelesaian masalah-masalah tersebut. Karakteristik PMR yang muncul pada langkah ini yaitu karakteristik kedua menggunakan model
d)    Langkah 4 : Membandingkan jawaban
Guru meminta siswa membentuk kelompok secara berpasangan dengan teman sebangkunya, bekerja sama mendiskusikan penyelesaian masalah-masalah yang telah diselesaikan secara individu (negosiasi, membandingkan, dan berdiskusi). Guru mengamati kegiatan yang dilakukan siswa, dan memberi bantuan jika dibutuhkan.
Dipilih kelompok berpasangan, dengan pertimbangan efisiensi waktu. Karena di sekolah tempat pelaksanaan ujicoba, menggunakan bangku panjang. Sehingga kelompok dengan jumlah anggota yang lebih banyak, membutuhkan waktu yang lebih lama dalam pembentukannya. Sedangkan kelompok berpasangan tidak membutuhkan waktu, karena siswa telah duduk dalam tatanan kelompok berpasangan. Setelah diskusi berpasangan dilakukan, guru menunjuk wakil-wakil kelompok untuk menuliskan masing-masing ide penyelesaian dan alasan dari jawabannya, kemudian guru sebagai fasilitator dan modarator mengarahkan siswa berdiskusi, membimbing siswa mengambil kesimpulan sampai pada rumusan konsep/prinsip berdasarkan matematika formal (idealisasi, abstraksi). Karakteristik PMR yang muncul yaitu interaksi
e)   Langkah 5: Menyimpulkan
Dari hasil diskusi kelas, guru mengarahkan siswa untuk menarik kesimpulan suatu rumusan konsep/prinsip dari topik yang dipelajari. Karakteristik PMR yang muncul pada langkah ini adalah adanya interaksi antar siswa dengan guru.

7.   Kelebihan dan kelemehan pembelajaran metematika realistik
Beberapa keunggulan dari pembelajaran metematika realistik antara lain:
1.        Pelajaran menjadi cukup menyenangkan bagi siswa dan suasana tegang tidak tampak.
2.        Materi dapat dipahami oleh sebagian besar siswa.
3.        Alat peraga adalah benda yang berada di sekitar, sehingga mudah didapatkan.
4.        Guru ditantang untuk mempelajari bahan.
5.        Guru menjadi lebih kreatif membuat alat peraga.
6.        Siswa mempunyai kecerdasan cukup tinggi tampak semakin pandai.


Beberapa kelemahan dari pembelajaran metematika realistik antara lain:
1. Sulit diterapkan dalam suatu kelas yang besar(40- 45 orang).
2. Dibutuhkan waktu yang lama untuk memahami materi pelajaran

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