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Pengertian, Ciri - Ciri Cerpen, Mengidentifikasi Cerpen, dan Contoh Cerpen

Saturday, April 30, 2016 Add Comment Edit
Pengertian, Ciri - Ciri Cerpen, Mengidentifikasi Cerpen, dan Contoh Cerpen - Kalian tentu pernah membaca cerpen bukan ? Tetapi saya rasa tidak semua kalian tahu cara mengidentifikasi cerpen dan apa saja ciri-ciri cerpen. Pada kesempatan ini saya akan memberikan Pengertian, Ciri - Ciri Cerpen, Mengidentifikasi Cerpen, dan Contoh Cerpen.


Pengertian, Ciri - Ciri Cerpen, Mengidentifikasi Cerpen, dan Contoh Cerpen
Pengertian, Ciri - Ciri Cerpen, Mengidentifikasi Cerpen, dan Contoh Cerpen

1. Pengertian Cerpen

Membaca atau mendengarkan pembacan sebuah cerpen tentu menarik. Namun, dari pembacaan cerpen yang kamu dengarkan  tersebut dapatkah kamu mengidentifikasikannya? Mengidentifikasi cerpen artinya kegiatan menguraikan, menjelaskan, atau menelaah unsur-unsur yang membangun sebuah cerpen.

Cerpen (cerita pendek) adalah karangan pendek yang berbentuk prosa. Sebuah cerpen mengisahkan sepenggal kehidupan tokoh yang penuh pertikaian, peristiwa, dan pengalaman.

2. Ciri-Ciri Cerpen

Sebelum membahas lebih lanjut, tahukah kamu apa saja ciri-ciri sebuah cerpen itu? Ciri-ciri sebuah cerpen antara lain sebagai berikut.
a. Bentuk tulisannya singkat, padat, dan lebih pendek daripada novel.

b. Terdiri  kurang dari 10.000 kata.

c. Sumber cerita dari kehidupan sehari-hari, baik pengalaman sendiri maupun orang lain.

d. Tidak melukiskan seluruh kehidupan pelakunya karena mengangkat masalah tunggal atau sarinya saja.

e. Habis dibaca sekali duduk dan hanya mengisahkan sesuatu yang berarti bagi pelakunya saja.

f. Tokoh-tokohnya dilukiskan mengalami konflik sampai pada penyelesaiannya.

g. Penggunaan kata-katanya sangat ekonomis dan mudah dikenal masyarakat.

h. Sanggup meninggalkan kesan mendalam dan mampu meninggalkan efek pada perasaan pembaca.

i. Menceriterakan satu kejadian, dari terjadinya perkembangan jiwa dan krisis, tetapi tidak sampai  menimbulkan perubahan nasib.

j. Beralur tunggal dan lurus.

k. Penokohannya sangat sederhana, singkat, dan tidak mendalam.



3. Identifikasi Cerpen



Seperti yang dijelaskan di atas bahwa mengidentifikasi cerpen artinya kegiatan menguraikan, menjelaskan, atau menelaah unsur-unsur yang membangun sebuah cerpen. Unsur pembangun sebuah cerpen meliputi unsur intrinsik dan ekstrinsik.   Tentu kamu masih ingat apa saja yang termasuk dalam unsur intrinsic dan ekstrinsik karya sastra. Pada pembelajaran ini hanya akan membahas alur, penokohan, dan latar pada sebuah cerpen.



a. Plot atau alur

Alur disebut juga jalan cerita. Bentuk alur berupa peristiwa-peristiwa yang disusun secara berkaitan menurut hukum sebab akibat dari awal sampai akhir cerita.

1)Macam-macam alur cerita

Alur cerita ada beberapa jenis. Jenis-jenis alur cerita maliputi berikut ini.
a) Secara  kualitatif, alur cerita terbagi menjadi dua, yaitu sebagai berikut.


- Alur erat

Pada alur erat, hubungan peristiwa satu dengan lainnya sangat erat, padu, sehingga tidak mungkin ada bagian cerita yang diambil bagiannya saja. Alur jenis ini saling terikat antara peristiwa satu dengan peristiwa lainnya.

- Alur longgar

Pada alur ini, ada  bagian cerita yang diambil dari cerita yang telah diuraikan sebelumnya. Disebut  longgar karena adanya degresi atau masuknya peristiwa lain ke dalam cerita tersebut.

b) Secara naratif waktu, alur cerita terbagi menjadi tiga, yaitu sebagai berikut.

- Alur maju, yaitu alur atau jalan cerita yang disusun berdasarkan urutan waktu (naratif) dan urutan peristiwa (kronologis).

- Alur mundur, yaitu alur atau jalan cerita yang mengembalikan cerita ke masa atau waktu sebelumnya.

- Alur campuran (flashback), yaitu perpaduan antara alur maju dan alur mundur. Cerita bergerak dari bagian tengah, menuju ke awal, dilanjutkan ke akhir cerita.


alur terdapat beberapa tahapan yang meliputi berikut ini.
a) Tahap pengenalan (exposition), tahap ini dimunculkan sebuah cerita dengan mengenalkan tokoh, situasi, latar, waktu, dan sebagainya.

b) Tahap peristiwa (complication), tahap dimunculkannya suatu peristiwa sebagai penggerak cerita.

c) Tahap muncul konflik (rising action), tahap dimunculkannya permasalahan yang menimbulkan pertentangan dan ketegangan antartokoh.

d) Tahap konflik memuncak (turning point), tahap permasalahan/ketegangan berada pada titik paling atas (puncak).

e) Tahap penyelesaian (resolution), tahap permasalahan mulai ada penyelesaian (jalan keluar) menuju ke akhir cerita.

b. Penokohan

Penokohan adalah cara pengarang menggambarkan karakter tokoh-tokoh dalam cerita. Sementara tokoh adalah orang atau pelaku yang berperan dalam cerita.

1) Teknik penggambaran tokoh

Untuk menggambarkan sifat atau karakter seorang tokoh, pengarang menggunakan dua teknik. Kedua teknik tersebut adalah sebagai berikut.

a) Teknik analitik, yaitu karakter/sifat dari tokoh cerita diceritakan secara langsung oleh pengarang.

Contoh :
Erlina adalah seorang putri tunggal Sultan Pangeran. Erlina dikenal orang-orang karena kecantikan parasnya. Rambutnya yang hitam lurus serta kulit yang kuning langsat menambah keelokan tubuhnya. Banyak pemuda mencoba mendekatinya, namun tanpa alasan yang jelas, ia selalu menolaknya. 


b) Teknik dramatik, yaitu karakter/sifat tokoh dikemukakan melalui penggambaran tertentu, misalnya fisik dan perilaku tokoh, lingkungan kehidupan, dialek bahasa, jalan pikiran, dan lewat gambaran tokoh lain.
Contoh :


Berbeda dengan Ramli, sebenarnya Bahtiar bisa mengendalikan diri dalam menghadapi masalah yang rumit. Malam itu Bahtiar dan Ramli dikepung tentara kompeni. Beberapa saat lamanya, dalam ketegangan yang memuncak itu Bahtiar menghamburkan pelurunya ke berbagai jurusan.

2)Jenis penokohan
Berdasarkan peranannya dalam suatu cerita, tokoh dibedakan menjadi tiga jenis. Jenis-jenis tokoh tersebut adalah protagonis, antagonis, dan tritagonis.

a) Tokoh protagonis

Yaitu, tokoh yang mendukung cerita. Biasanya ada satu atau dua figure tokoh protagonis utama yang dibantu tokoh lain yang terlibat dalam cerita.
Tokoh jenis ini biasanya berwatak baik, dan menjadi idola pembaca/pendengar.\

b) Tokoh antagonis

Yaitu, tokoh yang menjadi penentang cerita. Biasanya ada satu atau dua figur tokoh yang menentang cerita. Tokoh jenis ini berwatak jahat, menyebabkan konflik, dan dibenci oleh pembaca dan pendengar.

c)Tokoh tritagonis

Yaitu tokoh pembantu (penengah) baik untuk tokoh protagonis maupun antagonis.

3)Cara menentukan watak dan sifat tokoh Cara untuk menentukan watak tokoh adalah sebagai berikut.

a) Tentukan pelaku-pelaku cerpen, baik protagonis, antagonis, dan tritagonis.
b) Pikirkan dan rasakan dengan cermat watak, perilaku, kebiasaan, dan kondisi setiap pelaku.
c) Simpulkan watak tiap pelaku melalui dialog, sikap, pembawaan, dan pola pikir dalam cerita.


c. Latar
Setiap cerita pasti terjadi pada waktu, tempat, dan suasana tertentu. Ketiga jenis inilah yang disebut latar atau setting. Latar bisa bersifat faktual atau imajiner. Fungsi latar adalah memperkuat atau mempertegas keyakinan pembaca terhadap jalannya suatu cerita. Oleh karena itu, semakin baik pengetahuan  dan imajinasi seorang pengarang, maka semakin baik latar yang diciptakannya dalam cerita.


4. Contoh Cerpen


Nah, sebagai media berlatih, gurumu akan memutar pembacaan cerpen dari tape atau VCD. Namun jika tidak ada, tutuplah bukumu, kemudian dengarkanlah pembacaan cerpen  berikut yang akan dibacakan oleh dua orang temanmu!



Gadis Pemulung Masuk Televisi
(Oleh Gola Gong)

Tubuh Aini membentur kayu pos ronda. Dia tidak bisa ke mana-mana lagi. Kata ayahnya, dia harus hati-hati jika berhadapan dengan orang yang tidak dikenal. Aini duduk di pos ronda. Karung teronggok di tiang. Dia menyeka keningnya.


Punggung tangannya basah. Ini hari panas sekali. Mungkin pertanda akan hujan. Dia baru sekitar satu jam mengelilingi perumahan, mencari-cari rongsokan. Karungnya baru terisi seperempat. Di bak sampah tikungan jalan kompleks, dia hanya memperoleh beberapa botol minuman plastik. Di bak sampah rumah nomor 9, hanya ada dua botol plastik minuman ukuran besar.


Kerongkongannya kering. Yang dia bayangkan adalah air es. Tapi dia sedang puasa. Sudah seminggu puasa berjalan, tubuhnya terasa lemah. Setiap sahur, tiada yang bisa dimakannya selain air teh dan ubi rebus. Sekali pernah ayahnya membawa pulang seliter beras. Dengan garam dan daun singkong, dia dan adiknya merasakan sahur yang nikmat sekali. Setelah BBM naik, harga-harga di pasar berlipat-lipat jadinya. Ayahnya hanya penyapu jalanan. Tak mampu berbuat banyak. Aini hanya meminta pada ayah mereka agar sekolah didahulukan. 


Biar makan sekali sehari ditambah puasa Senin Kamis, urusan sekolah tetap dinomorsatukan. Aini termasuk murid yang cerdas di sekolahnya, sehingga pihak sekolah meringankan segala biaya tambahan.


Sebuah mobil sedan tiba-tiba berhenti di depannya. Kaca jendelanya turun.
Aini tersenyum kepada para penumpangnya, dua wanita cantik-cantik. Hmm,
pasti tubuhnya harum. Aini membayangkan dirinya secantik mereka. Tapi,

wajahnya jelek. Kulitnya hitam terbakar matahari. Rambutnya kemerahan.
"Halo!" kata yang di sebelah pengemudi.

"Ya, Kak?"
"Kamu, sini!" si pengemudi melambaikan tangannya.
Aini dengan kikuk mendekati mobil. "Kakak manggil saya?"
"Iya."
"Namamu siapa?" tanya yang menyetir.
"Aini."
"Sekolahnya kelas berapa?"
"Kelas lima�"
"Ikut Kakak, yuk?"
Aini mundur beberapa langkah.
Pintu mobil terbuka. Perempuan cantik itu tersenyum. Aini semakin mundur ke pos ronda. Tangan kanannya meraih ujung karung.
"Jangan takut, Ain�"
"Kakak nggak bermaksud jahat, kok!" teriak si pengemudi.
"Kakak mau apa?" Aini melihat ke sekeliling. Siang terik seperti ini, orang- orang memilih berlindung di rumah. Dia tidak bisa meminta pertolongan jika terjadi sesuatu yang buruk padanya.
"Ngobrolnya jangan di sini�."
"Ayo, ikut sama Kakak."
"Ain nggak mau. Ain mau pulang."
"Ain, Kakak mohon maaf kalau sudah membuat Ain takut�"
"Ros! Udah, tinggalin aja. Kita cari yang lain."
"Sebentar, Sus!"
Aini memanfaatkan kesempatan itu untuk melarikan diri.
"Aini! Tunggu!"

"Apa gue bilang! Cari yang lain aja!"
Aini tidak berpikir apa-apa lagi. Terus berlari. Lari. Karung di tangannya
memberatkannya. Tapi, dia tidak mungkin membuang karungnya, karena di
dalamnya bisa digantikan dengan beberapa lembar ribuan. Tadi dia berjanji pada
Latifah akan membeli telor untuk menu hari ini.
Aini terus menggenjot tenaganya. Sesekali dia menoleh. Mobil sedan itu mengikutinya. Dia bingung, harus meminta tolong pada siapa. Dadanya turun-naik. Napasnya tersengal-sengal. Dia
menoleh lagi. Mobil sedan itu hanya beberapa meter di belakangnya. Dia mengumpulkan tenaga lagi. Napasnya sudah berada di ujung tenggorokan, tersengal-sengal. Dia membelok ke jalan tanah, yang hanya bisa dilewati becak.
Terus membelok ke arah persawahan. Dia yakin, mobil itu tidak akan
mengejarnya lagi. Dia berhenti. Menarik napas. Betul, mobil sedan itu tidak mengikutinya lagi.
Aini bernapas lega. Dia melompati selokan dan meniti pematang sawah.
Rumahnya di perkampungan di seberang sungai irigasi.
Aini baru saja membongkar isi karungnya di halaman belakang rumah ketika
terdengar Latifah berteriak memanggil namanya, "Kak Aiiin!"
Aini bergegas menumpuk botol-botol plastik di antara tumpukan rongsokan
lain, yang digundukkan di bawah pohon pisang. "Maafkan Kakak, Ipah. Kakak
belum sempat menjual botol-botol plastik ini ke Pak Kasman. Menu buka puasa
dengan telor dadar hanya ada di dalam khayalan," batin Aini. Ia sendiri menelan
air liurnya, membayangkan lezatnya berbuka puasa dengan lauk telor dadar.
"Assalamualaikum�"
Aini kaget. Dia berdiri mematung.
"Kamu masih puasa, Ain?"
Aini mengangguk.
"Tadi capek lari, kan?"
Aini mengangguk malu. Dia melihat Latifah asyik membongkar oleh-oleh.
Dia melihat ada baju baru, sepatu baru, kue kaleng, dan beberapa susu kaleng.
"Kok, Kakak tahu rumah Ain di sini?"
"Ternyata kamu top banget di kampung ini. Nanya di ujung kampung aja,
semua udah pada tau."
"Iya, kamu top abis!"
"Kakak ini, siapa?"
"Oh, iya. Kakak belum ngenalin, ya!" wanita cantik itu tertawa. "Kakak Rosa!
"Saya Susi!"
"Kami dari rumah produksi�"
"Ng... apa itu?"

"Kami yang bikin acara televisi reality show�"
"Kami nggak punya televisi, Kak�"
Rosa bingung, melirik kepada temannya.
"Nggak apa-apa," Susi mengambil alih pembicaraan ketika melihat Rosa sudah
kehabisan cara. "Gini, Ain. Kamu, adikmu, dan ayahmu, mau kami masukkan
ke televisi. Nanti kalian tidur di hotel, rumahmu kami bangun lagi biar bagus.
Nanti kalian terkenal, karena masuk televisi. Gimana?"
Aini merasa kepalanya membesar, diisi oleh segala macam hal. Dia tidak
pernah menonton acara itu. Tapi, di sekolah sering mendengar cerita teman-
temannya bahwa banyak orang miskin yang kaya mendadak setelah masuk
televisi. Di dalam hatinya, dia ingin sekali jadi orang kaya. Dia ingin keluar dari
kemiskinan. Apakah Allah mengabulkan doa-doanya selama ini? Bukankah ini
bulan puasa, bulan paling makbul untuk berdoa?
"Mau, mau! Ipah mau masuk televisi, Kak!"
***
Ain menangis tiada henti ketika melihat dirinya, ayahnya, dan Ipah ada di

televisi. Setiap gerak-gerik mereka direkam oleh televisi. Kehidupan mereka

sebagai orang miskin yang berubah jadi orang kaya mendadak ditampilkan di

televisi. Ayahnya yang penyapu jalanan, dirinya yang menjadi pemulung sepulang

sekolah, dan adiknya yang tidak sekolah, tidur di hotel berbintang, makan di

restoran mewah, dan belanja pakaian di mal. Uang jutaan rupiah di tangan mereka.

Rumah mereka yang jelek tiba-tiba jadi warna-warni. Perabotan mahal dan modern

mengisi rumah mereka. Televisi, kulkas, kipas angin, VCD player, dispenser, kipas angin, dan magic jar!

Malam ini Aini sedang duduk di ruang tengah rumahnya. Kini ada sofa menghiasi ruang tengah rumahnya. Ipah dipangku ayahnya. Adiknya kini bisa masuk sekolah di kelas satu. Puluhan orang memenuhi ruang tengah rumahnya. Ada yang duduk di sofa, tapi ada juga yang tidur-tiduran di karpet.


Beberapa belas orang berdiri di jendela. Supaya tidak gerah, kipas angin terus dihidupkan. Mereka semua sedang menonton televisi, di mana Aini, Ipah, dan ayah mereka menjadi pemeran utama. Semua orang berdecak kagum.


Semua orang dengan rakus menikmati makanan dan minuman. Semakin malam, tamu-tamu tidak berkurang, tapi terus bertambah. Bahkan ketika tayangan televisi sudah usai, orang-orang belum mau beranjak dari rumah Aini. 

Sampai Aini tertidur di kursi dan Ipah tertidur di pangkuan ayahnya, semua orang belum mau beranjak.
Kini Aini berangkat ke sekolah dengan perasaan lain. Dia tidak lagi berjalan kaki. Tapi bersepeda. Di sepanjang perjalanan ke sekolah, berkali-kali dia dicegat orang-orang. Gadis pemulung itu tiba-tiba merasa aneh. Kenapa kini semua orang mengenalnya? Bahkan Pak Camat, yang tidak pernah dikenalnya, berhenti di tengah jalan hanya untuk bercakap-cakap dengannya. Kemudian Pak Bupati di kotanya. Akibatnya, dia terlambat di sekolah.


Tapi, semua orang di sekolahnya menyambutnya bak pahlawan. Hari itu tidak ada kegiatan belajar. Semua orang bekumpul di lapangan basket, mengadakan upacara kehormatan bagi Aini. Kepala sekolah dan guru-guru merasa bangga, karena Aini sudah masuk televisi. Sekolah mereka jadi terkenal ke seluruh penjuru Indonesia berkat Aini.


Aini dipanggil maju ke depan. Teman-temannya menyaksikan, bagaimana kepala sekolah menyematkan tanda jasa di dadanya.


"Semua orang harus mencontoh Aini. Walaupun miskin, dia tetap bersabar. Inilah berkah. Akhirnya, Allah mengabulkan doa-doanya. Kini Aini jadi orang
kaya seperti kita. Berkat televisi, hidupnya berubah 360 derajat!" Pak Kepala Sekolah berpidato. Setelah usai, dia berbisik di telinga Aini, "Setelah upacara, kamu datang ke ruangan Bapak, ya!"


Aini mengikuti perintah Pak Kepsek. Di ruangan Pak Kepsek berkumpul juga bendahara sekolah. Aini duduk menunduk.


"Aini... ini ada surat dari sekolah. Berikan pada ayahmu, ya," kata bendahara sekolah.
Di rumah, Aini memberikan surat itu pada ayahnya. Tiba-tiba saja ayahnya berteriak kaget, "Dari mana kita harus membayar ini?"


Aini mengambil surat itu. Ternyata isinya, Aini harus membayar tunggakan iuran sekolah selama ini. Ia juga diharuskan membayar segala macam pungutan sekolah. Yang paling parah, Aini harus membayar uang bangunan sekolah, yang akan ditingkatkan kualitas fisiknya menjadi dua lantai. Masing-masing murid kena beban tiga juta rupiah. Sedangkan Aini mendapat uang dari televisi sebesar tiga juta rupiah.


"Uangnya sudah habis untuk orang-orang kampung. Mereka setiap hari datang ke sini. Meminta makan, rokok, dan sebagainya. Bapak jadi pusing!"
"Kita jual lagi aja barang-barangnya, Pak," usul Aini. "Aini pingin sekolah.
Aini pingin jadi dokter�"


Ayahnya mengangguk pasrah.
"Tapi, boneka Barbie Ipah nggak dijual, kan?"
Aini menggeleng dan memeluk adiknya. Dia berencana akan keliling kompleks mencari barang rongsokan lagi.




Semoga dengan adanya Pengertian, Ciri - Ciri Cerpen, Mengidentifikasi Cerpen, dan Contoh Cerpen ini kalian semakin memahami dan mengauasai materi Bahasa Indonesia tentang cerpen. Baik itu pengertiannya, ciri-ciri cerpen, mampu mengidentifikasi cerpen. Dengan adanya contoh cerpen di atas kalian bisa berlatih menentukan ciri-cirinya dan mengidentifikasi cerpen tersebut. Terimakasih telah membaca Pengertian, Ciri - Ciri Cerpen, Mengidentifikasi Cerpen, dan Contoh Cerpen.

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