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MATERI PEMBELAJARAN - Pengertian Geografi Menurut Beberapa Ahli

MATERI PEMBELAJARAN - Pengertian Geografi Menurut Beberapa Ahli dan Konsep - Konsep Geografi Beserta Contoh - Beberapa ahli memiliki pengertian yang berbeda mengenai Geografi. Pada kesempatan ini saya akan memberikan berbagai pendapat para ahli mengenai pengertian Geografi. Selain memberikan pengertian Geografi menurut beberapa ahli saya juga akan memberikan konsep-konsep Geografi yang disertai contoh dari masing-masing konsep Geografi tersebut sehingga kalian mudah memahaminya. Simak penjelasannya pada artikel berjudul Pengertian Geografi Menurut Beberapa Ahli dan Konsep - Konsep Geografi Beserta Contoh.


Pengertian Geografi Menurut Beberapa Ahli dan Konsep - Konsep Geografi Beserta Contoh
Pengertian Geografi Menurut Beberapa Ahli dan Konsep - Konsep Geografi Beserta Contoh




MATERI PEMBELAJARAN - Pengertian Geografi Menurut Beberapa Ahli


Selama sejarah perkembangan geografi, telah banyak ahli yang mengemukakan definisi geografi. Sebagai gambaran, di bawah ini dikemukakan definisi geografi yang dilatarbelakangi ilmu dan pemahaman para ahli itu sendiri.


1. Erastothenes


Geografi adalah penulisan tentang bumi. Definisi ini sesuai dengan perkembangan geografi pada masa itu yang membicarakan keadaan daerah-daerah lain (geo = bumi; graphein = penulisan atau uraian).


2. Strabo


Menyebutkan bahwa geografi erat kaitannya dengan karakteristik tertentu mengenai suatu tempat dengan memperhatikan juga hubungan antara berbagai tempat secara keseluruhan. Geografi sejak perkembangannya, dimulai dari menceritakan tentang daerah lain, sudah lebih dikhususkan lagi dan sudah adanya konsep region yaitu daerah yang sudah mempunyai ciri khas tersendiri dan adanya hubungan antardaerah (tempat).


3. Karl Ritter


Geografi ialah studi tentang daerah yang berbeda-beda di permukaan bumi (Different areal) dalam keragamannya.


4. John Hanrath


Geografi adalah pengetahuan yang menyelidiki persebaran gejala-gejala fisik biologis dan antropologis pada ruang di permukaan bumi, sebab akibat dan gejala menurut ukuran nilai, motif yang hasilnya dapat dibandingkan.


5. James E. Preston


Geografi adalah ilmu yang berhubungan dengan interrelasi manusia dan habitatnya. Batasan ini lebih ditekankan pada interelasi di antara habitat manusia.


6. R. Bintarto


Geografi mempelajari hubungan kausal gejala-gejala di permukaan bumi dan peristiwa-peristiwa yang terjadi di permukaan bumi, baik secara fisik maupun yang menyangkut makhluk hidup beserta permasalahannya melalui pendekatan keruangan, ekologi, dan regional untuk kepentingan program, proses, dan keberhasilan pembangunan.

7. Seminar dan lokakarya peningkatan kualitas pengajaran geografi 1988


Geografi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari persamaan dan perbedaan fenomena geosfera dengan sudut pandang kelingkungan atau kewilayahan dalam konteks keruangan.


Jika kita amati, makna geografi yang terdapat dalam setiap definisi di atas menjadi sangat sulit diketahui, terlebih lagi apabila yang ditafsirkan hanya isi definisinya, tanpa mengetahui konsep, faktor, prinsip, dan hakikat geografi itu sendiri Dari berbagai definisi yang telah dikemukakan oleh para ahli tersebut, kita dapat mengetahui paling sedikit sesuatu yang telah dikerjakan oleh mereka terhadap ruang permukaan bumi serta perkembangan geografi yang terjadi pada masa itu. Adapun pekerjaan ahli geografi pada dasarnya yaitu meneliti, menganalisis, menjelaskan, dan melukiskan tentang berbagai relasi antara manusia dengan alam sekitarnya.





B. Konsep - Konsep Geografi Beserta Contoh


Banyak pendapat yang menyatakan bahwa di permukaan bumi terdapat hubungan timbal balik antara manusia dengan lingkungan alam. Pandangan tersebut, garis besarnya sebagai berikut  :


1. Kehidupan manusia dan kebudayaannya ditentukan oleh alam.

2. Manusia dan kebudayaannya tidak ditentukan oleh alam, tetapi manusia mempunyai peranan aktif terhadap alam, sehingga manusia dapat memilih kebudayaannya, sedangkan alam hanya memberikan kemungkinan-kemungkinan.

Kedua pandangan tersebut sampai sekarang masih banyak penganutnya, satu sama lain saling mempertahankan. Pendapat pertama (Fisis Determinis) mempertahankan pengaruhnya terhadap kritikan-kritikan dari pendapat kedua (Possibilis). Pendapat pertama menyatakan bahwa faktor-faktor geografik atau alam sering memainkan peranan yang dinamik dalam perkembangan kebudayaan manusia, berarti alam tidak memainkan peranan yang pasif. Pendapat kedua (Possibilisme) menyatakan bahwa hampir semua praktik kebudayaan yang spesifik tidak dengan logis dikembalikan langsung pada alam sebagai habitat geografis semata-mata, melainkan manusia yang memegang peranan dalam menentukan budayanya (aktif).


Berdasarkan pernyataan paham fisis determinis maupun paham possibilis, yang terus menerus saling mempengaruhi pemikiran manusia dan saling melakukan kritikan, maka secara sederhana dapat diambil jalan tengah, yaitu melalui beberapa pertanyaan sebagai berikut :


1. Berapa jauh kebudayaan suatu wilayah atau suatu bangsa ditentukan oleh alam dan lingkungannya?

2. Berapa jauh bahwa lingkungan alam dapat diubah oleh kegiatan manusia?


Selain itu, dalam kenyataan sehari-hari banyak kita temukan berbagai kenampakan dan gejala di muka bumi yang tanpa disadari membawa kita untuk merenung dan berpikir. Misalnya, mengapa permukaan bumi ini tidak rata, melainkan ada bagian yang tinggi seperti dataran tinggi, bukit, gunung atau pegunungan serta ada pula bagian-bagian yang rendah seperti lembah, palung, atau ngarai, sehingga terdapat berbagai kawasan muka bumi yang berbeda karakteristiknya? Bagaimana fenomena alam ini dapat terjadi ? Mengapa suhu udara di wilayah pantai sangat panas, sedangkan di pegunungan dingin?


Mengapa daerah A memiliki curah hujan tinggi, sehingga berbagai jenis tetumbuhan tumbuh subur, sedangkan daerah B sangat gersang ? Apa yang menyebabkan daerah dataran rendah sangat cocok ditanami kelapa atau padi sawah, sedangkan di dataran tinggi cocok untuk sayur-mayur ?


Disadari atau tidak, pada hakikatnya pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut telah menuntun kita ke arah pemahaman konsep-konsep geografi. Dalam mengkaji gejala atau peristiwa dalam ruang, geografi selalu mempergunakan konsep lokasi, hubungan timbal balik, gerakan, dan perwilayahan.


Agar dapat memahami geografi, diperlukan konsep-konsep dasar mengenai geografi itu sendiri, artinya memahami pengertian istilah-istilah yang umum digunakan oleh geografi sebagai disiplin ilmu. Konsep ini merupakan suatu hal yang abstrak berkenaan dengan gejala nyata tentang geografi untuk mengungkapkan beberapa gejala, faktor atau masalah, sehingga setiap kata mengandung arti tersendiri.


Pemahaman geografi dimulai dari hal yang konkret secara bertahap akan menuju kepada hal yang abstrak. Misalnya, dalam memahami atmosfera dan mempelajari cuaca, tentu saja harus mengenal unsur-unsur cuaca, yaitu salah satunya adalah hujan. Sebelum terjadinya hujan tentu terjadi pemanasan oleh sinar matahari yang menimbulkan penguapan, kemudian membentuk awan, tentu saja awan apabila berkondensasi maka akan menimbulkan hujan. Hujan yang diturunkan di suatu tempat dapat dipengaruhi angin. Dengan demikian, angin berperan dalam menjatuhkan hujan. Apabila hal ini terus menerus berlangsung maka dinamakan daur hidrologi. Dari uraian di atas, dapat ditarik beberapa konsep, yaitu hujan, penguapan, awan, kondensasi, dan angin.


Apabila seseorang telah dapat membina konsepnya, maka ia akan dapat mengembangkan generalisasi. Maksudnya bahwa pengertian goegrafi sudah tidak perlu diuraikan, baik secara denotatif maupun konotatif lagi, melainkan secara langsung orang yang bersangkutan dapat berbicara tanpa mendefinisikan konsep tersebut satu persatu.


Generalisasi adalah hubungan atau gabungan antara dua konsep atau lebih. Dengan demikian, pernyataan generalisasi berupa prinsip geografi. Contoh, generalisasi terdiri atas beberapa konsep seperti berikut ini :


1. Urbanisasi merupakan masalah sosial yang harus diatasi karena menambah padatnya kota, sedangkan commuter atau penglaju memerlukan sarana transportasi yang mendukung dari sub-urban ke wilayah-wilayah kegiatan di kota


2. Awan Cumulonimbus dapat mendatangkan hujan besar jika telah berkondensasi dibanding dengan awan Cirrus.


3. Erosi yang dominan terjadi di sungai bagian hilir yaitu erosi lateral, sehingga di daerah ini banyak dijumpai meander.


Banyak para ahli yang memberikan konsep-konsep tentang geografi, sehingga perlu dibentuk konsep dasar bagi perkembangan geografi di Indonesia. Untuk itu, diselenggarakan Seminar dan Lokakarnya Ahli Geografi tahun 1998 yang menghasilkan kesepatan berupa 10 konsep esensial geografi, yaitu sebagai berikut :


1. Konsep lokasi


Suatu tempat di permukaan bumi memiliki nilai ekonomi apabila dihubungkan dengan harga. Misalnya  :


a. Di daerah dingin orang cenderung berpakaian tebal.

b. Nilai tanah atau lahan untuk pemukiman akan berkurang apabila berdekatan dengan kuburan, terminal kendaraan umum, pasar, atau pabrik karena kebisingan dan pencemaran.




2. Konsep jarak



Jarak dihubungkan dengan keuntungan yang diperoleh, sehingga manusia cenderung akan memperhitungkan jarak.

Misalnya :

a. Harga tanah akan semakin tinggi apabila mendekati pusat kota dibandingkan dengan harga tanah di pedesaan.


b. Peternakan ayam cenderung mendekati kota sebagai tempat pemasaran, agar telur dan ayam yang dibawa ke tempat pemasaran tidak banyak mengalami kerusakan, dibandingkan apabila peternakan ditempatkan jauh dari kota.




3. Konsep keterjangkauan


Hubungan atau interaksi antartempat dapat dicapai, baik dengan menggunakan sarana transportasi umum, tradisional, atau jalan kaki. Misalnya :


a. Keterjangkauan, Jakarta � Biak (pesawat terbang); Bandung � Jakarta (kereta api).

b. Daerah A penghasil beras dan daerah B penghasil sandang. Kedua daerah ini tidak akan berinteraksi apabila tidak ada transportasi.

c. Suatu daerah tidak akan berkembang apabila tidak dapat dijangkau oleh sarana transportasi.




4. Konsep pola


Bentuk interaksi manusia dengan lingkungan atau interaksi alam dengan alam, hubungannya dengan pola persebaran, seperti sebagai berikut.


a. Pola aliran sungai terkait dengan jenis batuan dan struktur geologi.

b. Pola pemukiman terkait dengan sungai, jalan, bentuk lahan, dan sebagainya.




5. Konsep morfologi




Bentuk permukaan bumi sebagai hasil proses alam dan hubungannya dengan aktivitas manusia.
Misalnya :


a. Bentuk lahan akan terkait dengan erosi dan pengendapan, penggunaan lahan, ketebalan lapisan tanah, ketersediaan air, dan sebagainya.

b. Pengelompokan pemukiman cenderung di daerah datar.




6. Konsep aglomerasi



Pengelompokan penduduk dan aktivitasnya di suatu daerah.

Misalnya :

a. Masyarakat atau penduduk cenderung mengelompok pada tingkat sejenis, sehingga timbul daerah elit, daerah kumuh, daerah perumnas, pedagang besi tua, pedagang barang atau pakaian bekas, dan lain-lain.


b. Enam puluh delapan persen industri tekstil Indonesia berada di Bandung.




7. Konsep nilai kegunaan




Manfaat suatu wilayah atau daerah mempuyai nilai tersendiri bagi orang yang menggunakannya.

Misalnya :

a. Daerah sejuk di pegunungan yang jauh dari kebisingan, seperti di Puncak antara Bogor dengan Cianjur, banyak dijadikan tempat peristirahatan dan rekreasi.

b. Lahan pertanian yang subur sangat bernilai bagi petani dibandingkan bagi nelayan atau karyawan/pegawai kantor.




8. Konsep interaksi dan interdependensi



Setiap wilayah tidak dapat memenuhi kebutuhannya sendiri, tetapi memerlukan hubungan dengan wilayah lain, sehingga memunculkan adanya hubungan timbal balik dalam bentuk arus barang dan jasa, komunikasi, persebaran ide, dan lain-lain.

Misalnya : gerakan orang, barang, dan gagasan dari suatu tempat ke tempat lain seperti,

a. Pergerakan penduduk, berupa sirkulasi, komutasi (ulang-alik), dan migrasi.

b. Pergerakan barang (sandang) dari kota ke desa; pangan dari desa ke kota.

c. Pergerakan berita (informasi) melalui radio, televisi, surat kabar dan lain-lain, terhadap pembaca atau pemirsa.


9. Konsep differensiasi area (struktur keruangan atau distribusi keruangan)



Suatu wilayah kaitannya dengan wilayah lain. Wilayah di permukaan bumi memiliki perbedaan nilai yang terdapat di dalamnya.


Misalnya  :


a. Fenomena yang berbeda dari suatu tempat ke tempat lain, seperti :


1) jarak dekat, jarak sedang, atau jarak jauh.

2) pemukiman padat, sedang, atau jarang.

b. Pertanian sayuran dihasilkan di daerah pegunungan; perikanan laut atau tambak di pantai; dan padi di daerah yang relatif datar.




10. Konsep keterkaitan keruangan (proses keruangan)


Suatu wilayah dapat berkembang karena adanya hubungan dengan wilayah lain, atau adanya saling keterkaitan antarwilayah dalam memenuhi kebutuhan dan sosial penduduknya. Misalnya, jika dikaji melalui peta, maka terdapat konservasi spasial (keterkaitan wilayah) antara wilayah A, B, C, dan D.


Sepuluh konsep tersebut, sengaja dibuat untuk penyatubahasaan pemikiran geografi, semuanya merupakan awal dari memahami geografi. Dengan demikian, pendidikan geografi mulai dari pendidikan dasar sampai pendidikan tinggi harus mencakup sepuluh konsep tersebut, hanya materi yang diberikan sesuai dengan jenjang pendidikannya.







Semoga dengan adanya Pengertian Geografi Menurut Beberapa Ahli dan Konsep - Konsep Geografi Beserta Contoh ini kalian semakin memahami dan menguasai pengertian Geografi menurut beberapa ahli. Dari ahli-ahli itu kalian bisa membuat kesimpulan tersendiri mengenai pengertian Geografi. Selain itu konsep-konsep Geografi di atas yang dilengkapi contoh dari masing-masing konsep semoga bisa membuat kalian semakin paham mengenai konsep-konsep Geografi. Terimakasih telah membaca Pengertian Geografi Menurut Beberapa Ahli dan Konsep - Konsep Geografi Beserta Contoh.

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