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Sejarah Teater

Sejarah panjang seni teater dipercayai keberadaannya sejak manusia mulai melakukan interaksi satu sama lain. Interaksi itu juga  berlangsung bersamaan dengan tafsiran-tafsiran terhadap alam semesta. Dengan demikian, pemaknaan-pemaknaan teater tidak jauh berada dalam hubungan interaksi dan tafsiran-tafsiran antara manusia dan alam semesta. Selain itu, sejarah seni teater pun diyakini berasal dari usaha-usaha perburuan manusia primitif dalam mempertahankan kehidupan mereka. Pada perburuan ini, mereka menirukan perilaku binatang buruannya. Setelah selesai melakukan perburuan, mereka mengadakan ritual atau upacara-upacara sebagai bentuk “rasa syukur” mereka, dan “penghormatan” terhadap Sang Pencipta semesta. Ada juga yang menyebutkan sejarah teater dimulai dari Mesir pada 4000 SM dengan upacara pemujaan dewa Dionisus. Tata cara upacara ini kemudian dibakukan serta difestivalkan pada suatu tempat untuk dipertunjukkan serta dihadiri oleh manusia yang lain. The Theatre berasal dari kata Yunani Kuno, Theatron yang berarti seeing place atau tempat menyaksikan atau tempat dimana aktor mementaskan lakon dan orang-orang menontonnya. Sedangkan istilah teater atau dalam bahasa Inggrisnya theatre mengacu kepada aktivitas melakukan kegiatan dalam seni pertunjukan, kelompok yang melakukan kegiatan itu dan seni pertunjukan itu sendiri. Namun demikian, teater selalu dikaitkan dengan kata drama yang berasal dari kata Yunani Kuno, Draomai yang berarti bertindak atau berbuat dan Drame yang berasal dari kata Perancis yang diambil oleh Diderot dan Beaumarchaid untuk menjelaskan lakon-lakon mereka tentang kehidupan kelas menengah atau dalam istilah yang lebih ketat berarti lakon serius yang menggarap satu masalah yang punya arti penting tapi tidak bertujuan mengagungkan tragika. Kata drama juga dianggap telah ada sejak era Mesir Kuno (4000-1580 SM), sebelum era Yunani Kuno (800-277 SM). Hubungan kata teater dan drama bersandingan sedemikian erat seiring dengan perlakuan terhadap teater yang mempergunakan drama ’lebih identik sebagai teks atau naskah atau lakon atau karya sastra.
Terlepas dari sejarah dan asal kata yang melatarbelakanginya, seni teater merupakan suatu karya seni yang rumit dan kompleks, sehingga sering disebut dengan collective art atau synthetic art artinya teater merupakan sintesa dari berbagai disiplin seni yang melibatkan berbagai macam keahlian dan keterampilan. Seni teater menggabungkan unsur-unsur audio, visual, dan kinestetik (gerak) yang meliputi bunyi, suara, musik, gerak serta seni rupa. Seni teater merupakan suatu kesatuan seni yang diciptakan oleh penulis lakon, sutradara, pemain (pemeran), penata artistik, pekerja teknik, dan diproduksi oleh sekelompok orang produksi. Sebagai seni kolektif, seni teater dilakukan bersama-sama yang mengharuskan semuanya sejalan dan seirama serta perlu harmonisasi dari keseluruhan tim.
Pertunjukan ini merupakan proses seseorang atau sekelompok manusia dalam rangka mencapai tujuan artistik secara bersama. Dalam proses produksi artistik ini, ada sekelompok orang yang mengkoordinasikan kegiatan (tim produksi). Kelompok ini yang menggerakkan dan menyediakan fasilitas, teknik penggarapan, latihanlatihan, dan alat-alat guna pencapaian ekspresi bersama. Hasil dari proses ini dapat dinikmati oleh penyelenggara dan penonton. Bagi xv penyelenggara, hasil dari proses tersebut merupakan suatu kepuasan
tersendiri, sebagai ekspresi estetis, pengembangan profesi dan penyaluran kreativitas, sedangkan bagi penonton, diharapkan dapat diperoleh pengalaman batin atau perasaan atau juga bisa sebagai media pembelajaran. Melihat permasalahan di dalam teater yang begitu kompleks, maka penulis mencoba membuat sebuah paparan pengetahuan teater dari berbagai unsur. Paparan ini dimulai dari Bab I Pengetahuan Teater yang berisi tentang definisi teater baik secara keseluruhan maupun secara detail, sejarah singkat perkembangan teater baik sejarah singkat teater Eropa maupun sejarah singkat teater Indonesia, dan unsur-unsur pembentuk teater. Bab ini sangat penting karena untuk mendasari pemikiran dan pengetahuan tentang seni teater. 

Bab II Lakon yang berisi tentang tipe-tipe lakon, tema, plot, struktur dramatik lakon, setting, dan penokohan. Dalam bab ini pembahasan lebih banyak pada analisis elemen lakon sebagai persiapan produksi seni teater. Sesederhana apa pun sebuah naskah lakon, diperlukan sebagai pedoman pengembangan laku di atas pentas. Pemilihan lakon yang akan disajikan dalam pementasan merupakan tugas yang sangat penting. Tidak sembarang lakon akan sesuai dan baik jika dipentaskan. Sulitnya tugas ini disebabkan oleh karena setiap kelompok teater memiliki ciri khas masing-masing. Sebuah lakon yang dipentaskan dengan baik oleh satu kelompok teater, belum tentu akan menjadi baik pula jika dipentaskan oleh kelompok lainnya.

Bab III Penyutradaraan yang berisi tentang penentuan lakon yang akan dipentaskan, analisis lakon secara menyeluruh hingga sampai tahap konsep pementasan, menentukan bentuk pementasan, memilih pemain, membuat rancangan blocking, serta latihan-latihan hingga gladi bersih. Kerja penyutradaan dalam sebuah pementasan merupakan kerja perancangan. Seorang sutradara harus bisa memberi motivasi dan semangat kebersamaan dalam kelompok untuk menyatukan visi dan misi pementasan antar mereka yang terlibat. Kerja penyutradaraan merupakan kegiatan perancangan panggung dapat berupa penciptaan estetika panggung maupun ekspresi eksperimental.

Bab IV Pemeranan yang berisi tentang persiapan seorang pemeran dalam sebuah pementasan seni teater. Persiapan tersebut meliputi persiapan olah tubuh, olah suara, penghayatan karakter serta teknik-teknik pemeranan. Persiapan seorang pemeran dianggap penting karena pemeran adalah seorang seniman yang mengekspresikan dirinya sesuai dengan tuntutan baru dan harus memiliki kemampuan untuk menjadi ’orang baru’. Pemeran didefinisikan pula sebagai tulang punggung pementasan, karena dengan pemeran yang baik, tepat, dan berpengalaman akan menghasilkan pementasan yang bermutu. Pementasan bermutu adalah pementasan yang secara ideal mampu menterjemahkan isi naskah. Walaupun di lain pihak masih ada sutradara yang akan melatih dan mengarahkan pemeran sebelum pentas, tetapi setelah di atas panggung tanggungjawab itu sepenuhnya milik pemeran.

Bab V Tata Artistik yang berisi tentang teori dan praktek tata artistik yang meliputi; tata rias, tata busana, tata cahaya, tata panggung, dan tata suara. Sebagai komponen pendukung pokok, keberadaan tata artistik dalam pementasan teater sangatlah vital.Tanpa pengetahuan dasar artistik seorang sutradara atau pemain
teater tidak akan mampu menampilkan kemampuannya dengan baik. Persesuaian dengan tata artistik yang menghasilkan wujud nyata keindahan tampilan di atas pentas adalah pilihan wajib bagi para pelaku seni teater. Bahasan yang penulis pilih dalam setiap bab merupakan pengetahuan dan praktek mendasar proses penciptaan seni teater. Artinya, sebuah pertunjukan teater yang berlangsung di atas panggung membutuhkan proses garap yang lama mulai dari (penentuan) lakon, penyutradaraan, pemeranan, dan proses penataan artistik. Dalam setiap tahapan proses ini melibatkan banyak orang (pendukung) dari berbagai bidang sehingga dengan memahami tugas dan tanggung jawab masing-masing maka kerja penciptaan teater akan padu. Kualitas kerja setiap bidang akan menjadi harmonis jika masingmasing dapat bekerja secara bersama dan bekerja bersama akan berhasil dengan baik jika semua elemen memahami tugas dan tanggung jawabnya. Itulah inti dari proes penciptaan seni teater, “kerja sama”.

By nyoman aries 32 - Posted on 14 November 2009

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