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MATERI PEMBELAJARAN - Macam - Macam, Penjelasan, Proses, dan Orang / Ahli yang Mengemukakan Teori Pembentukan Kulit Bumi

MATERI PEMBELAJARAN - Macam - Macam, Penjelasan, Proses, dan Orang / Ahli yang Mengemukakan Teori Pembentukan Kulit Bumi - Bumi yang kita tempati sekarang ini sudah terbentuk. Tetapi, dalam proses terbentuknya bumi ini tentu ada perbedaan pendapat antara orang / ahli yang satu dengan yang lain. Masing-masing ahli tentu memiliki penjelasan atau proses yang berbeda-beda dalam menjelaskan bagaimana lapisan kulit bumi ini terbentuk. Agar pemahaman kalian mengenai apa saja macam-macam, bagaimana proses-proses dan siapa saja orang / ahli yang menyampaikan pendapatnya itu berikut Macam - Macam, Penjelasan, Proses, dan Orang / Ahli yang Mengemukakan Teori Pembentukan Kulit Bumi.

MATERI PEMBELAJARAN - Macam - Macam, Penjelasan, dan Ahli yang Mengemukakan Teori Pembentukan Kulit Bumi


Kulit bumi dari waktu ke waktu selalu mengalami perubahan. Hal ini telah menjadi bahan pemikiran para ahli untuk mengungkap proses perubahan dan perkembangan kulit bumi pada masa lalu, sekarang dan prediksi pada masa yang akan datang. Adapun berbagai teori terbentuknya kulit bumi yang dikemukakan para ahli antara lain sebagai berikut.


1. Teori kontraksi (Contraction theory)

Teori ini dikemukakan pertama kali oleh Descrates (1596-1650). Ia menyatakan bahwa bumi semakin lama semakin susut dan mengkerut yang disebabkan oleh terjadinya proses pendinginan, sehingga di bagian permukaannya terbentuk relief berupa gunung, lembah, dan dataran.


Teori kontraksi didukung pula oleh James Dana (1847) dan Elie de Baumant (1852). Mereka berpendapat bahwa bumi mengalami pengerutan karena terjadi proses pendinginan di bagian dalam bumi yang mengakibatkan bagian permukaan bumi mengerut membentuk pegunungan dan lembah-lembah.

2. Teori dua benua (Laurasia-Gondwana theory)


Macam - Macam, Penjelasan, Proses, dan Orang / Ahli yang Mengemukakan Teori Pembentukan Kulit Bumi
Teori Dua Benua ( Laurasia-Gondwana)

Teori ini menyatakan bahwa pada awalnya bumi terdiri atas dua benua yang sangat besar, yaitu Laurasia di sekitar kutub utara dan Gondwana di sekitar kutub selatan bumi. Kedua benua tersebut kemudian bergerak perlahan ke arah equator bumi, sehingga akhirnya terpecah-pecah menjadi benua benua yang lebih kecil. Laurasia terpecah menjadi Asia, Eropa dan Amerika Utara, sedangkan Gondwana terpecah menjadi Afrika, Australia dan Amerika Selatan. Teori Laurasia-Gondwana kali pertama dikemukakan oleh Edward Zuess pada 1884.

3. Teori pengapungan benua (Continental drift theory)



Teori Pengapungan Benua


Teori pengapungan benua dikemukakan oleh Alfred Wegener pada 1912. Ia menyatakan bahwa pada awalnya di bumi hanya ada satu benua maha besar yang disebut Pangea. Menurutnya benua tersebut kemudian terpecah-pecah dan terus bergerak melalui dasar laut. Gerakan rotasi bumi yang sentripugal, mengakibatkan pecahan benua tersebut bergerak ke arah barat menuju equator.


Teori ini didukung oleh bukti-bukti berupa kesamaan garis pantai Afrika bagian barat dengan Amerika Selatan bagian timur, serta adanya kesamaan batuan dan fosil pada kedua daerah tersebut.

4. Teori konveksi (Convection theory)


Menurut teori konveksi yang dikemukakan oleh Arthur Holmes dan Harry H. Hess dan dikembangkan lebih lanjut oleh Robert Diesz, menyatakan bahwa di dalam bumi yang masih dalam keadaan panas dan berpijar terjadi arus konveksi ke arah lapisan kulit bumi yang berada di atasnya, sehingga ketika arus konveksi yang membawa materi berupa lava sampai ke permukaan bumi di mid oceanic ridge (punggung tengah samudera), lava tersebut akan membeku membentuk lapisan kulit bumi yang baru menggeser dan menggantikan kulit bumi yang lebih tua.


Bukti kebenaran teori konveksi adalah terdapatnya tanggul dasar samudera (Mid Oceanic Ridge), seperti Mid Atlantic Ridge dan Pasific-Atlantic Ridge. Bukti lainnya didasarkan pada penelitian umur dasar laut yang membuktikan bahwa semakin jauh dari punggung tengah samudera, umur batuan semakin tua. Artinya terdapat gerakan yang berasal dari Mid Oceanic Ridge ke arah berlawanan yang disebabkan oleh adanya arus konveksi dari lapisan di bawah kulit bumi.




5. Teori lempeng tektonik (Plate Tectonic theory)


Teori Lempeng Tektonik

                                                                                             
Seperti dijelaskan sebelumnya bahwa planet bumi terdiri atas sejumlah lapisan. Lapisan bagian atas bumi merupakan bagian yang tegar dan kaku berada pada suatu lapisan yang plastik atau cair. Hal ini mengakibatkan lapisan permukaaan bumi bagian atas menjadi tidak stabil dan selalu bergerak sesuai dengan gerakan yang berada di bawahnya. Keadaan inilah yang melatarbelakangi lahirnya teori Lempeng Tektonik. Lahirnya teori lempeng tektonik (tectonicPlate theory) pada tahun 1968 merupakan kenyataan mutakhir dalam geologi yang menunjukkan terjadinya evolusi bentuk permukaan bumi.


Teori lempeng tektonik dikemukakan oleh Tozo Wilso. Berdasarkan teori ini, kulit bumi atau litosfer terdiri atas beberapa lempeng tektonik yang berada di atas lapisan astenosfer, Lempeng-lempeng tektonik pembentuk kulit bumi selalu bergerak karena pengaruh arus konveksi yang terjadi pada lapisan astenosfer yang berada di bawah lempeng tektonik kulit bumi. Litosfer sebagai lapisan paling luar dari badan bumi, bagaikan kulit ari pada kulit manusia dan merupakan lapisan kerak bumi yang tipis. Prinsip teori tektonik lempeng adalah kulit bumi terdiri atas lempeng-lempeng yang kaku dengan bentuk tidak beraturan. Dinamakan lempeng karena bagian litosfer mempunyai ukuran yang besar di kedua dimensi horizontal (panjang dan lebar), tetapi berukuran kecil pada arah vertikal (ketebalan).


Bandingkan dengan daun meja, daun pintu, atau lantai di kelas kalian! Lempeng ini terdiri atas lempeng benua (tebal sekitar 40 km) dan lempeng samudera (tebal sekitar 10 km). Kedua lempeng tersebut berada di atas lapisan astenosfer dengan kecepatan rata-rata 10 cm/tahun atau 100 km/10 juta tahun. Astenosfer merupakan suatu lapisan yang cair (kental) dan sangat panas.


Panasnya cairan astenosfer senantiasa memberikan kekuatan besar dari dalam bumi untuk menggerakkan lempeng-lempeng secara tidak beraturan. Kekuatan ini dinamakan tenaga endogen yang telah menghasilkan berbagai bentuk di permukaan bumi. Di bumi ini litosfer terpecah-pecah menjadi sekitar 12 lempeng.


Teori lempeng tektonik banyak didukung oleh fakta ilmiah, terutama dari data penelitian geologi, geologi kelautan, kemagnetan purba, kegempaan, pendugaan paleontologi, dan pemboran laut dalam. Lahirnya teori lempeng tektonik sebenarnya merupakan jalinan dari berbagai konsep dan teori lama seperti Teori Apungan Benua, Teori Arus Konveksi, Teori Pemekaran Lantai samudera, dan Teori Sesar Mendatar, sebagaimana telah dijelaskan pada teori-teori di atas.


Lempeng-lempeng tersebut selalu bergerak dan mendesak satu sama lain. Lempeng tektonik bagian atas disebut lempeng samudera, sedangkan lempeng tektonik pada bagian atas terdapat masa kontinen disebut lempeng benua. Kedua lempeng ini memiliki sifat yang berbeda. Apabila dua lempeng yang berbeda sifat tersebut saling mendekat, umumnya lempeng samudera akan ditekuk ke bawah lempeng benua hingga jauh ke dalam lapisan astenosfer.


Bertemunya antara dua lempeng seperti ini dinamakan gerakan bertumbukan (subduction), sedangkan daerah yang menjadi tempat tumbukan lempeng-lempeng disebut subduction zone. Selain saling mendekat kemudian bertumbukan, gerakan lempeng juga da yang saling menjauh dengan lempeng lainnya, dinamakan gerak divergent atau disebut juga sebagai proses pemekaran. Hasil pemekaran lempeng yang berada di atas benua disebut rifting, sedangkan pemekaran yang berada di samudera disebut spreading. Contoh proses ini adalah pecahnya Benua Pangea pada Zaman Trias dengan membentuk celah sepanjang pinggiran Atlantik yang memisahkan Afrika dan Amerika Latin. Coba kamu perhatikan kedua benua tersebut! Pasti nampak seperti sebuah sobekan kertas yang keduanya menunjukkan ciri-ciri bekas sobekan yang berpasangan. Selain itu, ada juga gerakan lempeng yang hanya bersinggungan atau berpapasan, disebut juga transcurrent fault.

Setiap gerakan lempeng yang berbeda tersebut, akan mempengaruhi gejala dan fenomena alam di atas permukaan bumi. Secara lengkap, prinsip pergerakan lempeng-lempeng tektonik adalah sebagai berikut :

a.  Konvergensi


Konvergensi, yaitu gerakan saling bertumbukan antarlempeng tektonik. Tumbukan antarlempeng tektonik dapat berupa tumbukan antara lempeng benua dengan benua atau antara lempeng benua dengan lempeng dasar samudera.


Gerak Konvergen


Zone atau tempat terjadinya tumbukan antara lempeng tektonik benua dengan benua disebut Zone Konvergen. Contohnya tumbukan antara lempeng India dengan lempeng Benua Eurasia yang menghasilkan terbentuknya pegunungan lipatan muda Himalaya yang merupakan pegunungan tertinggi di dunia dengan puncak tertingginya, yaitu Mount Everest. Contoh lainnya, tumbukan lempeng Italia dengan Benua Eropa yang menghasilkan terbentuknya Pegunungan Alpen.

Zone berupa jalur tumbukan antarlempeng benua dengan lempeng dasar samudera, disebut Zone Subduksi atau zone tunjam, contohnya tumbukan antara lempeng benua Amerika dengan lempeng dasar Samudera Pasifik yang menghasilkan terbentuknya Pegunungan Rocky dan Pegunungan Andes.

Fenomana yang dihasilkannya :

1) lempeng samudera menghujam ke bawah lempeng benua ;
2) terbentuk palung laut di tempat tumbukan tersebut;
3) pembengkakan tepi lempeng benua yang merupakan deretan pegunungan;
4) terdapat aktivitas vulkanisme, intrusi dan ekstrusi;
5) daerah hiposentra gempa dangkal dan dalam;
6) penghancuran lempeng akibat pergesekan lempeng;
7) timbunan sedimen campuran atau melange.


Contoh : Pegunungan di pantai barat Amerika, deretan Pulau Sumatera, Jawa dan Nusa Tenggara, merupakan akibat pembengkakan lempeng benua. Bermunculan puncak gunungapi dan terjadi gempa di sepanjang pulau dan pegunungan tersebut.


Ingatlah bahaya gempa yang menimbulkan Tsunami di Aceh dan Sumatera Utara pada akhir Desember 2004, gempa tersebut timbul akibat adanya tumbukan antara lempeng samudera Australia terhadap lempeng benua Asia.



b. Divergensi


Gerak Divergen


Divergensi yaitu gerakan saling menjauh antarlempeng tektonik contohnya gerakan saling menjauh antara lempeng Afrika dengan Amerika bagian selatan. Zone berupa jalur tempat berpisahnya lempeng-lempeng tektonik disebut Zone Divergen (zone sebar pisah). Fenomena yang terjadi, sebagai berikut :

1) Perenggangan lempeng yang disertai pertumbukan kedua tepinya.
2) Pembentukan tanggul dasar samudera (med ocean ridge) di sepanjang tempat perenggangan lempeng-lempeng tersebut.
3) Aktivitas vulkanisme laut dalam yang menghasilkan lava basa berstruktur bantal (lava bantal) dan hamparan leleran lava encer, dan
4) Aktivitas gempa.
Contoh : Di Lautan Atlantik, tanggul dasar samudera memanjang dari dekat Kutub Utara sampai mendekati Kutub Selatan. Celah ini menjadikan benua Amerika bergerak saling menjauh dengan benua Eropa dan Afrika.



c. Sesar mendatar



Gerak Sesar Mendatar



Sesar mendatar (Transform), yaitu gerakan saling bergesekan (berlawanan arah) antarlempeng tektonik. Contohnya, gesekan antara lempeng Samudera Pasifik dengan lempeng daratan Amerika Utara yang mengakibatkan terbentuknya Sesar San Andreas yang membentang sepanjang kurang lebih 1.200 km dari San Francisco di utara sampai Los Angeles di selatan Amerika Serikat. Zone berupa jalur tempat bergesekan lempeng-lempeng tektonik disebut Zone Sesar Mendatar (Zone Transform). Bentukan alam yang dihasilkan antara lain patahan atau sesar mendatar. Gerak patahan atau sesar ini dapat menimbulkan gempa bumi. Contoh: Sesar Sam Andreas di California.


Tenaga endogen yang telah mengakibatkan adanya variasi bentuk muka umi, tidak hanya terjadi di daratan melainkan juga di dasar laut.  
 
Semoga dengan adanya Macam - Macam, Penjelasan, Proses, dan Orang / Ahli yang Mengemukakan Teori Pembentukan Kulit Bumi ini semakin membuat pemahaman dan penguasaan kalian terhadap bagaimana macam-macam, penjelasan, maupun proses bagaimana kulit bumi ini terbentuk serta siapa saja orang / ahli yang mengemukakan pendapat / teori tentang pembentukan kulit bumi. Terimakasih telah membaca MATERI PEMBELAJARAN - Macam - Macam, Penjelasan, Proses, dan Orang / Ahli yang Mengemukakan Teori Pembentukan Kulit Bumi.

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